Complications and Risks of Malaria

Most people with malaria recover fully when treated promptly. Complications are more likely with falciparum malaria, delayed treatment, pregnancy, young age and weak immunity.

Cerebral malaria

The parasite affects the brain. Signs are confusion, severe headache, fits and coma. It is an emergency and can be fatal even with treatment.

Severe anaemia

Destruction of red blood cells causes paleness, weakness, breathlessness and a fast heartbeat. Children and pregnant women are at high risk. It may need a blood transfusion.

Kidney failure

Malaria can damage the kidneys, causing very little urine or dark urine. Dialysis is sometimes needed.

Breathing problems

Fluid in the lungs (acute respiratory distress) can develop in severe malaria and needs intensive care.

Low blood sugar

Common in children, pregnant women and people on quinine. It can cause weakness, sweating, drowsiness and fits.

Liver problems and jaundice

Yellow eyes and skin may appear in severe malaria.

Bleeding problems and shock

Low platelet counts and clotting problems can cause bleeding. Shock may follow bacterial infection of the blood.

Spleen rupture (rare)

The spleen can enlarge and rarely burst, causing sudden severe pain on the left upper abdomen.

Pregnancy risks

Malaria in pregnancy raises the chance of miscarriage, stillbirth, premature birth and low birth weight.

Relapse

Vivax and ovale can return after months if the liver stage is not treated.

Reducing the risk

Get tested for any fever in a malaria area, start treatment early, and finish the full course.

Emergency (112 or 102)

Confusion, fits, fast breathing, dark urine, bleeding or fainting.