Stages of ovarian cancer

Staging describes how far ovarian cancer has spread. It is decided by surgery, scans and pathology. The system most used is FIGO.

Stage I: confined to the ovaries or tubes

• IA: one ovary or tube
• IB: both ovaries or tubes
• IC: cells on the surface, capsule rupture or cells in pelvic fluid

Stage II: spread within the pelvis

Cancer has reached other pelvic organs, such as the uterus or bladder.

Stage III: spread within the abdomen

Cancer has reached the lining of the abdomen (peritoneum) or lymph nodes in the abdomen. Divided into IIIA, IIIB and IIIC by size of deposits.

Stage IV: distant spread

Cancer is in fluid around the lung, in the liver or spleen, or in distant organs.

Grade

Grade describes how abnormal the cells look under the microscope. High grade grows faster.

Why staging matters

It guides surgery, chemotherapy and likely outcomes. About two out of three women are diagnosed at stage III or IV, so treatment is often long and needs specialist teams.

Ayurvedic view

Ayurveda does not use staging in this way. This modern system is the basis for treatment decisions.

Tests used

Examination, ultrasound, CT or MRI, CA-125 and other markers, biopsy or surgery. CA-125 helps follow treatment and is not enough on its own to diagnose.

See a doctor if you are unsure about your stage. Ask your oncologist to explain it and what it means for your plan.

When to get help

Contact your gynaecologist or oncologist promptly if symptoms are new, persistent or worsening. Do not wait for them to settle on their own, and do not delay treatment for alternative therapies. Early assessment and a clear plan with your team give the best chance of good outcomes.

Remember

The stage helps plan care, but it does not decide everything. Many women live well for years with treatment.