Causes of ovarian cancer

The exact cause of ovarian cancer is not known. Several factors raise the risk, and many women with cancer have none of them.

Established risk factors

• Age: risk rises with age, most cases occur after menopause
• Inherited gene changes: BRCA1 and BRCA2 carry the highest risk. Lynch syndrome and some other genes also raise it.
• Family history: close relatives with ovarian, breast or colon cancer
• Personal history: previous breast, uterine or colon cancer
• Endometriosis: linked with a small rise in certain types
• Never having been pregnant or having a first child late
• Hormone therapy after menopause: long-term use may modestly raise risk
• Obesity: associated with higher risk in some studies
• Smoking: linked with one subtype, mucinous cancer

Factors linked with lower risk

• Pregnancy and breastfeeding
• Use of combined oral contraceptive pills for several years
• Tubal ligation or removal of the tubes

What is not proven

Talcum powder, stress, diet and herbs have not been shown to cause ovarian cancer in a way that applies to everyone. Do not blame yourself.

Ayurvedic view

Ayurveda describes growths in the pelvis under Granthi and Arbuda, linked to imbalance of doshas. This is an interpretive framework and not a causal explanation in modern medicine.

See a doctor if you have a family history of ovarian, breast or colon cancer. Genetic counselling may be advised.

When to get help

Contact your gynaecologist or oncologist promptly if symptoms are new, persistent or worsening. Do not wait for them to settle on their own, and do not delay treatment for alternative therapies. Early assessment and a clear plan with your team give the best chance of good outcomes.

Remember

Risk factors do not mean you will get cancer. Knowing your family history lets you act early.