Types of Infertility

Infertility is described in several ways. These groups help doctors find the cause and plan treatment.

Primary and secondary

• Primary infertility: no previous pregnancy
• Secondary infertility: a previous pregnancy, but difficulty conceiving again

By the main cause

• Female factor infertility: ovulation, tubes, uterus or hormones
• Male factor infertility: sperm number, movement, shape or delivery
• Combined factors: problems in both partners
• Unexplained infertility: no cause found after standard tests

By the part of the system affected

• Ovulatory: PCOS, thyroid problems, high prolactin, premature ovarian insufficiency
• Tubal: blocked or damaged fallopian tubes
• Uterine and cervical: fibroids, polyps, scarring
• Endometriosis-related
• Testicular and post-testicular: low sperm production, varicocele, blocked ducts

By duration and outlook

• Subfertility: reduced chance of conceiving, but pregnancy is possible without treatment
• Absolute infertility: pregnancy is not possible without assisted treatment, for example, absence of sperm or blocked tubes in both tubes

Ayurvedic view

Traditional texts describe several kinds of vandhyatva by dosha and cause. These do not map exactly to modern types.

Key point

Naming the type guides which tests and treatments are likely to help.

Before your appointment

Come as a couple if you can. Note how long you have been trying, cycle length and regularity, past pregnancies, surgeries, infections and medicines. Bring past reports and, if available, a semen analysis. List supplements and herbs you take, along with smoking, alcohol and exercise habits. Ask about tests, treatment options, costs, success rates and the warning signs that mean you should call 112 or 102.