Causes of Migraine

Migraine is a brain condition that causes repeated attacks of throbbing headache with other symptoms. The exact cause is not fully known. It runs in families and involves changes in brain activity, nerves and blood vessels.

What is thought to happen

During an attack, nerve cells become overactive and release chemicals, including serotonin and a protein called CGRP. This leads to pain signals and inflammation around blood vessels in the head.

Genes

About 4 in 10 people with migraine have a close relative with it. Several genes are linked, but no single gene explains it.

Common triggers

Triggers differ between people. They do not cause migraine but can start an attack in someone who has it.

• Stress, and the "let-down" after stress
• Missed meals or fasting
• Poor, too little or too much sleep
• Hormonal changes, such as around periods
• Bright or flickering light, loud noise and strong smells
• Weather and travel changes
• Dehydration
• Alcohol, particularly red wine
• Caffeine, too much or sudden withdrawal
• Some foods in some people, such as aged cheese or processed meats

Other factors

Women are affected more often than men, especially during the reproductive years. Obesity, depression, anxiety and sleep problems are linked to more frequent attacks.

Ayurvedic view

Ayurveda describes recurring half-sided head pain as Ardhavabhedaka, linked to Vata and Pitta imbalance. This is a traditional framework with limited modern evidence.

Key point

Migraine has biological roots, not just stress. A trigger diary helps find personal triggers.