Complications and Risks of Gout

Gout is controllable, but untreated or poorly controlled disease can harm joints, kidneys and general health.

Joint complications

• Repeated flares that become more frequent and longer
• Tophi: chalky lumps under the skin, which can ulcerate or become infected
• Joint damage and deformity, with chronic pain and stiffness
• Reduced movement and difficulty walking or using the hands

Kidney complications

• Kidney stones made of uric acid, causing severe flank pain
• Chronic kidney disease, which can both cause and result from high uric acid

Infection

A hot, swollen joint with fever can be septic arthritis, which can look like gout and needs same-day care and antibiotics.

Related health problems

Gout is linked with high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol, obesity, heart disease and stroke. Treating these protects overall health.

Treatment-related risks

Long-term use of NSAIDs can harm the stomach and kidneys. Allopurinol may rarely cause serious rash. These risks are reduced with a doctor's supervision.

Who is at higher risk

People with long-standing high uric acid, kidney disease, heavy alcohol use, obesity, or who delay treatment.

Reducing the risk

Keep uric acid under the doctor's target, take medicines regularly, and have regular kidney and blood tests.

Key point

Early, steady treatment prevents most complications.

Before your appointment

Carry earlier uric acid and kidney reports, a list of all medicines and supplements, and notes on which joints hurt, when flares started and what you ate or drank beforehand. Tell your doctor about any kidney stones, diabetes, blood pressure or family history of gout.