Complications and Risks of Hernia

Many hernias cause few problems for years, but they can become dangerous, and surgery has its own risks.

Complications of an untreated hernia

• Enlargement: the hernia gets bigger and more uncomfortable and may limit activity.
• Incarceration: tissue becomes trapped in the hernia sac and cannot be pushed back.
• Obstruction: the bowel is blocked, causing vomiting, belly swelling and constipation.
• Strangulation: the blood supply to the trapped tissue is cut off. The tissue can die, causing severe pain, fever and infection. This is a surgical emergency. Call 112 or 102.
• Pressure on nearby structures, such as the testicle in a large inguinal hernia.
• Reflux and complications in hiatal hernia, including oesophagitis and, rarely, ulcers or bleeding.

Possible complications after surgery

• Pain at the site, including long-lasting pain in some people
• Infection, bleeding or a collection of fluid
• Urinary difficulty after groin surgery
• Recurrence of the hernia
• Reaction to mesh, in rare cases
• Risks of anaesthesia

Who is at higher risk

Smokers, people with obesity or diabetes, those with long-term cough or constipation, and those who have had repeated surgeries.

Protecting yourself

Have a hernia checked early, plan repair at a suitable time, stop smoking, control weight and know the emergency signs.

Key point

Hernias are common and repair is usually safe. Delay can turn a simple repair into an emergency.

Before your appointment

Note when you first noticed the bulge, whether it goes in when you lie down, and what brings it on, such as lifting, coughing or straining. List any pain, vomiting, constipation or urinary problems, and past surgeries. Bring your medicines, including blood thinners, and past reports. Ask about repair options, recovery and the warning signs that mean you should call 112 or 102.