Stages of Hernia

A hernia usually progresses slowly, but it can change quickly if it becomes trapped. The stages below describe the typical course.

Stage 1: Early weakness

A small weak spot develops. There may be a vague ache or no symptoms at all.

Stage 2: Reducible hernia

A bulge appears with straining, coughing or standing, and goes away when lying down or when gently pushed back. Discomfort is mild to moderate. Many people live with a hernia at this stage for years.

Stage 3: Enlarging hernia

The opening widens and the bulge becomes larger and more frequent. Pain and discomfort increase, and it may start to affect work or exercise.

Stage 4: Irreducible (incarcerated) hernia

The contents become stuck and cannot be pushed back. It may cause pain and a firm lump. This needs prompt medical assessment.

Stage 5: Obstructed or strangulated hernia

The bowel is blocked or its blood supply is cut off. This causes severe pain, vomiting, fever, a swollen belly and red or dark skin over the bulge. Call 112 or 102 immediately. It needs emergency surgery.

After repair

Recovery takes a few days to weeks depending on the type of surgery. Hernias can come back, particularly with strain, smoking or obesity.

Key point

A hernia rarely heals, so regular review and timely repair are safer than waiting until it is trapped.

Before your appointment

Note when you first noticed the bulge, whether it goes in when you lie down, and what brings it on, such as lifting, coughing or straining. List any pain, vomiting, constipation or urinary problems, and past surgeries. Bring your medicines, including blood thinners, and past reports. Ask about repair options, recovery and the warning signs that mean you should call 112 or 102.