What is HIV Infection? (Introduction)

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks the body's immune system, mainly the CD4 (T-helper) cells that help fight infection. Without treatment, it gradually weakens immunity and can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome).

What has changed

HIV is now a manageable long-term condition. With antiretroviral therapy (ART), most people reach an undetectable viral load, stay healthy and have a near-normal life expectancy. A person on effective ART with an undetectable viral load does not pass HIV on to a sexual partner (known as "undetectable equals untransmittable", or U=U).

How HIV is passed on

• Unprotected sex
• Sharing needles or syringes
• Contaminated blood or blood products where screening is not done
• From mother to child during pregnancy, birth or breastfeeding

How HIV is not passed on

Hugging, touching, sharing food, utensils, toilets, mosquito bites or everyday contact. People with HIV should not be treated differently at home, school or work.

HIV and AIDS

HIV is the virus. AIDS is the most advanced stage, when the immune system is severely damaged. Early testing and treatment prevent it.

Ayurvedic view

Ayurveda has no classical disease matching HIV. Ideas such as reduced ojas (vitality) are interpretive only, and Ayurveda cannot cure HIV or replace ART.

Key point

Testing is simple and confidential, and treatment works. In India, testing and ART are available free at government centres.

Before your appointment

Write down when you may have been exposed, and any symptoms such as fever, weight loss, cough or diarrhoea. List all medicines, herbs and supplements, and any pregnancy plans. Bring past test reports, including CD4 and viral load if you have them. Ask about testing, treatment, confidentiality, support services and the warning signs that mean you should call 112 or 102.