Complications and Risks of HIV Infection

Most complications of HIV happen when the infection is untreated or diagnosed late. With early ART, many are avoided.

Infections linked to weak immunity (opportunistic infections)

• Tuberculosis (TB), the most common serious infection in people with HIV in India
• Pneumonia, including Pneumocystis pneumonia
• Fungal infections of the mouth, food pipe and brain (for example cryptococcal meningitis)
• Cytomegalovirus infection affecting the eyes
• Toxoplasmosis and persistent diarrhoea

Cancers

• Kaposi sarcoma
• Lymphoma
• Cervical and anal cancers

Other effects

• Weight loss and wasting
• Kidney, liver and heart problems
• Nerve damage and cognitive problems
• Bone thinning

Treatment-related risks

• ART side effects, such as nausea, rash, weight change, liver or kidney effects. These are usually manageable with supervision.
• Drug resistance if tablets are missed or stopped.

Emotional and social effects

Stigma, anxiety, depression and isolation are real risks. Counselling and peer support help.

Co-infections

Hepatitis B and C and other sexually transmitted infections.

Seek urgent care (call 112 or 102)

Severe breathlessness, confusion, seizures, vision loss, persistent high fever or severe dehydration.

Key point

Early diagnosis and daily ART prevent most complications.

Before your appointment

Write down when you may have been exposed, and any symptoms such as fever, weight loss, cough or diarrhoea. List all medicines, herbs and supplements, and any pregnancy plans. Bring past test reports, including CD4 and viral load if you have them. Ask about testing, treatment, confidentiality, support services and the warning signs that mean you should call 112 or 102.