What is Goiter? (Introduction)

A goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland, the butterfly-shaped gland at the front of the neck that makes hormones controlling metabolism, heart rate and energy. A goiter is a sign that something is affecting the thyroid, not a disease by itself.

Size and feel

A goiter can be small and found only on a scan, or large enough to be seen or felt as a swelling at the front of the neck. It may be smooth (diffuse) or lumpy (nodular).

Thyroid function can be normal, low or high

• Normal function: many goiters cause no hormone problem
• Underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism): tiredness, weight gain, cold intolerance
• Overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism): weight loss, palpitations, sweating, tremor

Why it matters in India

Iodine deficiency has long been a leading cause, especially in hilly and flood-prone areas. Iodised salt has reduced it, but autoimmune thyroid disease and thyroid nodules are now common causes too.

Key points

• Most goiters are not cancer, but any new lump in the neck should be checked.
• Treatment depends on the cause, thyroid hormone levels and size.
• Difficulty swallowing or breathing, or a rapidly growing swelling, needs urgent medical care.

About this section

The pages that follow cover causes, symptoms, types, stages, Ayurvedic perspective, home care, diet, medicines, prevention, treatment and yoga.

Before your appointment

Carry earlier thyroid reports, a list of medicines and supplements, and notes on swelling, weight change, heartbeat, mood and periods. Tell your doctor about any family history of thyroid disease and whether you are pregnant or planning pregnancy. This helps pick the right tests and treatment.